TCP/IP also is a layered protocol but does not use all of the OSI layers, though the layers are equivalent in operation and function (Fig. 2). The network access layer is equivalent to OSI layers ...

A tutorial on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model plus tips on how to memorize the seven layers.

The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Using TCP/IP as a model, the sending application (top) hands data to the transport layer, which breaks it up into the packet format required by the network.

However, because TCP doesn’t respect the OSI model, we have to sort of carve TCP/IP out of this conversation, which really limits its practical application in most environments.

That’s where the function of TCP comes into play. TCP adds a layer of intelligence to guarantee data delivery – assuming that’s what you want. So even though TCP/IP is connectionless at the ...

The first layer of the Bitcoin system, as described with the TCP/IP model, encompasses the first three layers of the fiat system, described with the OSI model: the physical, data link and network ...